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According to Tanner (2006), the terms, "clinical judgement," "problem solving," and "critical thinking" are often used together. However, Tanner (2006), defines clinical judgement in nursing to mean an interpretation about a patient's concerns or health challenges and/or the decision to take action, use accepted approaches or improvise new ones as considered by a patient's response.

According to Tanner (2006), clinical judgement in nursing involves four aspects:

Noticing
Interpreting
Acting
Reflecting

Caputi (2015) adds to this model by recommending that the development of clinical reasoning or judgement is the core of nursing education and allows nursing students to become self-directed thinkers who are able to make effective patient-centered health care decisions. Furthermore, effective clinical reasoning or judgement is crucial for preserving nursing care standards and good patient outcomes. Caputi's Clinical Judgement Framework includes these five steps:

Getting information
Making meaning of the information
Determining actions to take
Taking action
Evaluating outcomes and your thinking

References:

L. McMaster (personal communication), March 9, 2023)

RNAO.(n.d.). Information and knowledge management. https://rnao.ca/sites/rnao-ca/files/eHealth_Section_4.pdf

Schoessler, Mary. (2013). Tanner's model of clinical judgement applied to preceptorship: part 1. Journal for Nurses in Professional Development, 29(5), 274-275. https://oce-ovid-com.georgian.idm.oclc.org/article/01709760-201309000-00012/HTML

Clinical Reasoning and Care Coordination in Advanced Nursing Practice by RuthAnne Kuiper, Daniel J. Pesut, Tamatha E. Arms
ISBN: 9780826131843
Publication Date: 2016
This book describes an innovative model for helping APRN students develop the clinical reasoning skills required to navigate complex patient care needs and coordination in advanced nursing practice. This model, the Outcome-Present-State-Test (OPT), encompasses a clear, step-by-step process that students can use to learn the skills of differential diagnosis and hone clinical reasoning strategies. This method facilitates understanding of the relationships among patient problems, outcomes, and interventions that focus on promoting patient safety and care coordination.
Critical Thinking in Health and Social Care by Stella Jones-Devitt; Liz Smith
ISBN: 9781412920704
Publication Date: 2007-11-08
`This book will serve well a diverse audience - in policy formulation and practice determination at all levels - who are committed to the nation′s health and well-being′ - Dianne Willcocks, Vice Chancellor, York St John University Critical Thinking in Health & Social Careis designed to equip practitioners with the knowledge and tools they need to critically examine practice in their own workplace. The book presents a range of different approaches, which have particular relevance in the context of health and social care.
The Essentials of Clinical Reasoning for Nurses by RuthAnne Kuiper; Sandra M. O'Donnell; Daniel J. Pesut; Stephanie L. Turrise; Sigma Theta Tau International Staff (Contribution by)
ISBN: 9781945157097
Publication Date: 2017-05-01
The Essentials of Clinical Reasoning for Nurses, authors RuthAnne Kuiper, Sandra O'Donnell, Daniel Pesut, and Stephanie Turrise provide a model that supports learning and teaching clinical reasoning, development of reflective and complex thinking, clinical supervision, and care planning through scenarios, diagnostic cues, case webs, and more. The widely acclaimed Outcome-Present State-Test (OPT) Model serves a both a method for self-regulation in nursing and as a patient-center clinical reasoning model for aspiring and practicing nurses. This book is a must-have resource for nurse educators, clinicians, managers, administrators, and students who want to develop, hone, and fine-tune their clinical reasoning skills.
Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing: Foundations, Skills, and Roles by Thomas L. Christenbery (Ed)
ISBN: 9780826127594
Publication Date: 2018
A fundamental, reader-friendly guide to evidence-based practice (EBP) for BSN, MSN, and DNP nursing students, Evidence-Based Practice in Nursing explains the conceptual underpinnings of EBP and demonstrates how nurses can put EBP concepts into practice. Replete with critical knowledge, skills, tools, and scholarly development to enable nurses to fully and confidently deliver the highest-quality EBP care, this book eschews a one-size-fits-all approach unique systematic guidelines for understanding and applying EBP.
Expertise in Nursing Practice by Patricia E. Benner; Christine A. Tanner; Catherine A. Chesla
ISBN: 9780826125453
Publication Date: 2009-01-01
This book clearly delineates the skills needed to become an expert nurse. In this new edition, the editors present a report of a six-year study of over 130 hospital nurses working in critical care. Expanding upon the study conducted in the previous edition, this new book documents and analyzes hundreds of new clinical narratives that track the development of clinical skill acquisition, including caring, clinical judgment, workplace ethics, and more.

This is requisite knowledge for establishing therapeutic relationships: background knowledge, knowledge of caring, knowledge of culture, diversity, knowledge of person, knowledge of health care and knowledge of systems

This illustration from the Registered Nurses Association of Ontario's Framework for Therapeutic Relationships breaks down the key aspects of therapeutic relationships for nurses including knowledge of culture, person, health/illness and systems.

The following guidelines are very helpful in understanding more about therapeutic nurse-patient relationships:

Reference:

RNAO. (2006). Establishing therapeutic relationships supplement. https://rnao.ca/sites/rnao-ca/files/storage/related/943_BPG_TR_Supplement.pdf

Collaborating in Healthcare by Anne Croker (Volume Editor); Joy Higgs (Volume Editor); Franziska Trede (Volume Editor)
ISBN: 9789463008044
Publication Date: 2016-01-01
This book is about a vital aspect of healthcare; that is, how people collaborate. At the heart of this book is the RESPECT Model of Collaboration in healthcare produced during a doctoral research project. Following this research a number of practitioners have explored this model in their practice and they were invited to write up their experiences and insights in a number of chapters in this book. The intended audience for this book includes healthcare practitioners, educators, managers and others with an interest in how people in healthcare collaborate.
A Practitioner's Guide to Understanding Indigenous and Foreign Cultures by George Henderson; Dorscine Spigner-Littles; Virginia Hall Milhouse
ISBN: 9780398076542
Publication Date: 2006-08-01
This book will help practitioners in various helping career fields to design and implement effective cross-cultural interventions, and to provide optimum assistance to clients from world cultures, through an understanding of both indigenous and foreign cultures. This revised edition includes additional information about peoples near and far, and more than one-third of this edition is new.
See Me As a Person by Mary Koloroutis; Michael Trout
ISBN: 9781886624719
Publication Date: 2013-10-01
See Me as a Person offers guiding principles and a practical methodology that facilitate the clinician's ability to form authentic relationships which improve patient safety and the overall experience of care. Therapeutic relationships are the very heart of Relationship-Based Care. The purpose of the therapeutic relationship is to facilitate the capacity of patients and their loved ones to cope with illness and to take ownership for their healing and health.
An Introduction to Indigenous Health and Healthcare in Canada by Vasiliki Douglas
ISBN: 9780826164124
Publication Date: 2020-10-28
First edition named a 2013 PROSE Award Winner in Nursing and Allied Health Sciences.This textbook for Canadian nursing and allied health students explores the major health issues of Indigenous populations and how to improve their overall health. The second edition addresses a key development since the first edition was published: an increasing consensus among Indigenous peoples that their health is tied to environmental determinants, both physical and philosophical. This text describes what is distinctive about Indigenous approaches to health and healing and why it should be studied as a discrete field. It provides a framework for professionals to approach Indigenous clients in a way that both respects the client's worldview while retaining a professional epistemology. Grounded in the concepts of cultural sensitivity, competency, and safety - yet filled with practical information - this book integrates historical, social, and clinical approaches illuminated by concrete examples from the field and relevant case studies.
Teaching Cultural Competence in Nursing and Health Care, Third Edition by Marianne R. Jeffreys
ISBN: 9780826119964
Publication Date: 2015-12-15
Based on proven research, this book is a unique book for those working in academic settings, health care institutions, employee education, and nursing and health care organizations and associations. Updated with new evidence-based strategies, interactive book features, and expanded ready-toapply strategies and exemplars, this new edition offers a systematic, comprehensive approach for planning, implementing, and evaluating cultural competence education strategies and programs.

Communication is an extremely important skill for the nursing profession. According to the RNAO Best Practice Guidelines: Intra-Professional Collaborative Practice Among Nurses (2016), Recommendation 1.6 states that "Nurses promote open, honest and transparent communication" by:

Promoting a culture of effective communication
Establishing processes for verbal, written and electronic communication

Reference:

RNAO. (2016). Intra-professional collaborative practice among nurses, second edition. https://rnao.ca/sites/rnao-ca/files/Intra-professional_Collaborative_Practice_7.pdf

Introduction to Communication in Nursing (Open Access Textbook)
This open access textbook is intended to guide best practices in communication in the context of the nursing profession. The resource addresses communication theory, therapeutic communication and interviewing, and interprofessional communication as it relates to nursing. This resource is designed for students in undergraduate nursing programs.

The Art of Communication in Nursing and Health Care by Theresa Raphael-Grimm
ISBN: 9780826110558
Publication Date: 2014-09-01
A handy guide to tackling difficult patient and professional interactions with confidence and compassion. In this age of increasing reliance on technology, it is essential that the fundamentals of compassion and good communication remain at the heart of health care. This clear, concise guide to professional communication strategies helps nurses and other health care clinicians to build effective patient relationships and navigate a wide variety of difficult patient and professional interactions.
Communication in Palliative Nursing by Betty Ferrell; Sandra L. Ragan; Elaine Wittenberg-Lyles; Joy Goldsmith
ISBN: 9780199796823
Publication Date: 2012-12-14
Communication in Palliative Nursing unites complementary work in communication studies and nursing research to present a theoretically grounded curriculum for teaching palliative care communication to nurses. The chapters outline the COMFORT curriculum, comprised of these elements:Communication, Orientation and opportunity, Mindful presence, Family, Openings, Relating, and Team communication.
New Horizons in Patient Safety: Safe Communication by Annegret Hannawa; Anne Wendt; Lisa Day
ISBN: 9783110453041
Publication Date: 2017-12-18
This case studies book is an indispensable resource for educators, students, and practitioners of nursing. It is innovative in its application of lessons from the communication sciences to common challenges in the delivery of safe patient care. The authors apply basic tenets of human communication to the context of nursing to provide a foundation for practices that can advance the safety and quality of care.